Carmakers who faced skyrocketing prices for lithium and other battery metals in 2022 could increasingly adopt sodium-based cells in the future, helping to alleviate strains on raw materials as sales of electric vehicles surge, according to BloombergNEF.
In a new analysis of the technology, BloombergNEF said it expects sodium to take market share from the cheapest, lowest-range end of the car market in China, and that, by 2035, it could displace about 272,000 tons of demand for lithium. That is projected to account for about 7% of the overall market in 2035. If protracted lithium shortages emerge, the switch could be much more aggressive, BNEF said in the report published June 8.
“Sodium-ion batteries are an alternative technology that can release some pressure on lithium’s complex and growing supply chain,” BloombergNEF analysts said in the report. “While the relative share of sodium-ion in the base case may look small, the absolute growth is very significant, which is a consequence of how quickly the whole market is growing.”
Sodium’s appeal stems from its abundance in rock salts and brines around the world but lagged behind other battery metals in terms of performance. China’s rollout of low-cost EVs based on sodium-based cells could represent something of a watershed moment for the technology.
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While broad commercialization could still be a few years away, the promise of sodium-based batteries has sparked widespread discussion about whether they could become popular enough to help alleviate shortages of lithium as a demand surge in mainstream and high-end EVs continues.
In an extreme scenario, if lithium miners fail to keep pace as consumption surges with the next generation of high-end batteries, substitutions for sodium in the mass car market could reduce overall lithium demands by 37%, the equivalent of 1.4 million tons by 2035, BNEF said.
While that could involve a major supply-chain overhaul, the widespread adoption of low-cost lithium-iron-phosphate batteries over the past few years offers an illustration of how quickly new battery technologies can be adopted in response to rising raw material costs, they said.
“BNEF expects that sodium-ion’s energy density in 2025 will be comparable with that of LFP in the early 2020s when LFP took a significant share of global battery demands.”
With both supply and demand for battery metals growing at a breakneck pace, forecasting the path of future growth in the industry has proven a challenging and contentious pursuit.
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Technical breakthroughs in both battery chemistries and extraction techniques could have major knock-on consequences in the market within the next few years, leading some analysts to forecast big rallies while others — like Goldman Sachs Group Inc. — say there’s no end in sight to a recent slump in prices.
Already, the potential success of sodium-ion batteries is becoming too big to ignore for consumers who’ll need to decide who’s right.
“Going forward, I refuse to buy a single piece of research from any lithium analysis company that doesn’t have a reasonable and pragmatic view of sodium-ion in their EV forecast,” George Heppel, BASF SE’s commercial head for battery metals, said on Twitter in April 2023 as CATL announced its first deal to supply sodium cells to a Chinese carmaker.
“Right now, that seems to be most of them,” Heppel said.
